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Freedom And Freedom Of Freedom - 1864 Words

Freedom, a loosely used word to describe something that us Americans, enjoy on a daily basis. Freedom, as defined in the Oxford Online Dictionary as being in â€Å"the state or fact of being free from servitude, constraint, inhibition, etc.; liberty.† America, prior to gaining independence in 1776 from Great Britain, was not referred to as a free country. The colonists, were under constant control of the British, even half-way around the world. Freedom during this time period prior to 1776 did not experience freedom the way that we see it today. Freedom today is protected by federal law which allows for the basic elements of freedom including: The right to free speech, religion, and freedom of press; the right to bear arms; and the right to assembly. These freedoms are covered under the United States Constitution, more commonly under the first ten Amendments, known as the Bill of Rights. Civil liberties compared to now and prior to 1776 vary greatly. As described in the United States Bill of Rights and the United States Constitution, the thirty-nine amendments are what allow American citizens to be â€Å"free†. In my personal opinion, if the thirty-nine amendments were non-existent, I would not feel free. With these amendments, it allows me to express myself freely without having to believe something that I do not agree with and vice-versa. One of these amendments in particular, is the first amendment, the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. IShow MoreRelatedFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom885 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that freedom helped our forefathers shape America throughout the centuries? Freedom is a way to describe independence and a way to self-govern oneself. Freedom is what united the thirteen colonies and gave them the courage to fight for their freedom. Ever since the day settlers set foot on American soil to the day the Declaration of Independence was signed to declare America as an indepe ndent nation. Colonist knew that freedom would be the key to create a diverse nation in which it allowedRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom872 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is freedom? Many people have a different view of freedom. Some people can see freedom politically, financially, or freedom of expression. The meaning and views about freedom had changed throughout history. Due to European s social crisis, which causes many poor colonists to leave England for North America. Many early European settlers came to North America because they wanted more religious freedom, to set up their own colony, and have a better government. ...as in a well governed and ChristianRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Freedom1260 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom is one of the major aspects that we as Americans look at in perspective, in the United States today, freedom meaning â€Å"the ability to achieve one’s preferences.† In other words, the more you get to do what you want, the freer you are. Obviously, all societies have to limit the freedom of their citizens; being free to steal and kill is not a virtue, of a person or a nation. When freedom is justly abolished it is a complex issue. One suggestion has been that governments may limit the behaviorRead MorePrivacy, Freedom, And Freedom Of Freedom1303 Words   |  6 PagesWithout directly stating in The Bill of Ri ghts that we have a right to privacy, I believe we can all draw our own conclusions to what some of them mean. Such as the first amendment that states that we have freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of press. The very definition of freedom according to Defnition.com states â€Å"the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint.† To me the first amendment means that we have the right to privacy of ourRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The Freedoms Of Freedom Of Speech937 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech now a day’s means being able to have the right to express one’s own opinions without restraint. The United States of America is an open country for any U.S. citizen to be free to say what one would like. By citizens having freedom of speech, it gives the people the right to use hate speech. Freedom of speech belongs to every person in the United States. Here lately citizens are witnessing the rising concerns with hate speech. Unfortunately, hate speech is protected by freedomRead MoreFreedom : Freedom Of Speech And Freedom Of Speech1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining how much freedom the citizens in a society has. Throughout history we have seen many different type of governments that include North Koreas’ dictatorship to the United States that has a government based on principles of democracy. In societies that have democratic governments such as the United States, England, France, and many other western European countries, the citizens have a high degree of freedom of speech. In addition, these people are allowed to have a high degree of freedom of thoughtRead MoreFreedom Of Exercise And Freedom975 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of Exercise One of the key principles the United States of America was founded upon was the idea that religious freedom was an inalienable right. Many who sailed to new world were pilgrims who believed the land was a promised land, sacred. They also believed the new world would allow them to escape religious persecution. When the Constitution was developed in 1787, the First Amendment addressed the relationship between the government and religion stating, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respectingRead MoreFreedom Of Freedom Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech, press, and religion is like a traffic light. The by-laws are always changing and everyone must obey them. What is freedom? Freedom is the act of doing what one pleases without the fear of government intervening or restraining the action. So, if our freedoms are restricted, are we really free? Personally, I do consider the freedoms of the Bill of Rights counts as freedom. It is however, an opinionated topic and just like th e by-laws of the amendments, everyone’s backing case willRead MoreFreedom And Freedom Of Speech Essay2518 Words   |  11 Pages Many people come to the United States looking for freedom and liberty and where their essential rights are protected under the Constitution. However, freedom should not be taken for granted as for every rule there may be limits. The First Amendment of the United States’ Constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably toRead MoreThe Struggle For Freedom And Freedom1277 Words   |  6 Pagesultimately at the core all people fight for the same personal and political freedoms. Everyone wants to live a life full of equality and prosperity. In some extreme cases these freedoms are blocked by few cruel individuals who for a period of time shape the course of natio ns. Regardless of the region or slight difference in ideology, all dictators share the same appetite for complete control and oppression. The struggle for freedom may take different paths but the end goals and results are same regardless

Significance of the Berlin Conference free essay sample

The Berlin Conference lasted for three months, ending February 26, 1885. Also known as the Congo Conference and the Berlin West Africa Conference, the Berlin Conference was created to negotiate questions and end confusion over the control of Africa. It was meant to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open trade. They would also base it on Social Darwinism, which was used to justify their racism and to discourage intervention and reform. This is basically stating that they believed the white ace was superior to the black race and should control most of Africa. Why Africa?The expansion of territory is one reason, but the main reason was Africans vast expensive resources. In 1 867 diamonds were discovered and later in 1 886 gold would be another prized discovery along with copper, rubber, and coco beans. To obtain these resources they would need cheap labor, which Africa would also provide. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of the Berlin Conference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The turn of the Industrial Revolution made the demand for these products increase immensely, resulting in more labor and more invasions into Africa by the Europeans. Even though Africa is coated in a remote place compared to the rest of the countries, it is completely surrounded by water making it easily accessible.At the time, of Africa remained under local control. Only the coastal areas of Africa were colonized by Europe. The Berlin Conference changed all of this, beginning the scramble by other countries to gain control over the interior areas of Africa in order to claim these valuable resources. Disregarding cultural and lingual boundaries that were already established by the locals, the Berlin Conference divided Africa up into fifty countries, sometimes splitting peaceful groups of people and merging enemies. The Berlin Conference had a set of rules for the orderly extension of European influence.First, they agreed there would be freedom of trade and negotiation in the Congo Basin, even though part of it would eventually be under the brutal rule of Belgium King Leopold II. Second, they agreed that any power that occupied a territory or established a colony would let every other country know immediately, and were responsible for establishing political stability. And third they agreed to put a stop to the slave trade. The territories were not meant to seen/e as a market r means of transit for the trade of slaves, of whatever race they may be.Many countries would later disregard this rule. The impact of the Berlin Conference was that tension and competition between European countries cooled down a bit, there was less drive and hustle to penetrate Africa to extract its resources. Africa became dominated by Europe. They lost their rights and the ability to lead their own people, and the impacts of imperialism are still being felt today. Taxes would be imposed on Africans, something they had never seen before. This gave them the obligation to work to pay their taxes, something that had never had to do. Racism would grow even worse.The Europeans would have to work closer with the Africans since they were colonizing them. The African culture changed drastically, from politically, the loss of traditional values, the changing of language to the new European power, and even down to their everyday traditions and diet. Goals of the Berlin Conference were to control the slave trade, promote humanitarian idealism and provide for the welfare of Africa, but in truth these were all empty promises. Although Europeans did introduce Africa to better healthcare and education, they still brought many negative aspects to the way f life of the locals.

John Quincy Adams Essays - Adams Family, John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams JOHN QUINCY ADAMS John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts on July 11th, 1767. His ancestry lineage was English. Adams' religion was Unitarian. His father, John Adams, was born in Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts on October 19th, 1735. He died in Quincy, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1826. He had three major occupations. He was a lawyer, a statesman, and the President of the United States. His mother, Abigail Smith Adams, was born in Weymouth Massachusetts on November 11th, 1744. She died in Quincy, Massachusetts on October 28th, 1818. John Quincy Adams had two brothers: Charles Adams who lived between the years 1770 and 1800, and Thomas Boylston Adams who lived between the years 1772 and 1832. He also had two sisters: Abigail Amelia Adams who lived between the years 1765 and 1813, and Susanna Adams who lived between the years 1768 and 1770. Louisa Catherine Johnson was born in London, England on February 12th, 1775 and she died in Washington DC on May 14th, 1852. Louisa was the second daughter of Joshua and Catherine Johnson. John Quincy Adams and Louisa Catherine Johnson were married before eleven a.m. on July 26th, 1767 in London, England at the All Hollows Barking Church. They were married by Mr. Hewlett. The portrait on the next page is of Louisa Catherine Adams at age 43. It was painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1818. John Quincy Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams had four children. Their children were George Washington Adams (1801-1812), John Adams (1803-1834), Charles Francis Adams (1807-1886), and Louisa Catherine Adams (1811-1812). John Quincy Adams had plenty of education, which helped him in his election as President. He studied in Paris, Amsterdam, Leyden, and The Hugue. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1787 from Harvard and studied law from 1788 to 1790 with Theophilus Parsons. His Pre-presidency occupations consisted of being a lawyer and a professor. These jobs helped Adams to have the confidence he needed to become President. His Pre-Presidential offices consisted of being a Minister to the Netherlands, a Minister to Prussia, a Member of Massachusetts Senate, a Member of United States Senate, a Minister to Russia, a Minister to Great Britain, and a Secretary of State for Massachusetts. Adams' Political Party was Federalist, to 1808; Democratic-Republican, to 1825; National Republican (Whig) thereafter. He was 57 years of age when he was inaugurated as President. Adams was a Congressman and a writer after his presidency. In the election of 1824 Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay ran against John Quincy Adams for president. Although Jackson received more votes than Adams, no candidate had a majority, so the election was submitted to the House of Representatives which, after careful examination of each party, chose Adams. He was and still is the only president ever to be the son of a president. Adams' Inauguration was held on March 4th, 1825 at the Hall of the House of Representatives in Washington, DC. His vice-president was John Calhoun; Secretary of State: Henry Clay; Secretary of Treasury: Richard Rush; Secretary of War: James Barbour, Peter Buell Porter (from June 21st, 1828); Attorney General: John McLean; Secretary of the Navy: Samuel Lewis Southard; Supreme Court Appointment: Robert Trimble (1826). John Quincy Adams' unexpected success as minister to Russia saved him from a political scrap heap to which he had been relegated by those who deplored his disregard for party lines. He had already represented the United States at The Hague and in Prussia, where he had seen the rise of tensions which upset Europe in the early 1800's. His mission in Russia was to urge freedom of the seas, to seek favorable treatment for American shipping in Russian waters, and to reaffirm the desire of the United States to avoid entanglement in continental policies. The Adams's arrived in Saint Petersburg late in 1809 and soon were a part of the capital's social whirl. When fifty-two American ships were seized by Danish privateers, Adams appealed to Alexander the 1st (who was eager for American friendship) to intercede. Through the Czar's efforts, the ships were released. By late 1810, Adams had convinced the Czar to discontinue the capture and detainment of American ships in Russian Ports. The Czar's decision was in defiance of Napoleon's system of

Performing for the World free essay sample

The stale smell of old tile floors and piano keys stung my nose. It was that old dusty smell that usually conjures up memories of Grandpa’s seasoned button down sweater, or the unkempt attic stored with keepsakes and memories from Christmas past. The large barred windows with paint chipping encased the beauty that is a Manhattan street from 10 stories high. Early morning beams of light cast upon the only things surrounding me; an over-enthusiastic conductor, music barely learned, and 500 other singers. It was our last rehearsal and our concert at Carnegie Hall was that night. I was on a trip with the Los Robles Children’s Choir; we were performing in a classical concert titled â€Å"Mozart’s Solemn Vespers and Treble Chorus Works†. Though I had the comfort and security of familiar faces from the choir, I felt as overwhelmed and lost as I ever have. The rehearsal continued as I artfully dodged potential paper cuts from music passing in and out of my hands a s we tried in earnest to get through the repertoire for the night. We will write a custom essay sample on Performing for the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rehearsal ended with the sound of scuffling shoes down the stairs as I left the stale smell of the Civic Center room for the last time. Passing doors, my journey down the 10 flights of stairs was filled with the faint tinkling of ballet music and laughter. We had two hours of free time before we had to start getting ready for our concert. I walked down the street experiencing a sensory overload. The tall buildings made the streets dark; the odd smell from the blend of car exhaust and food carts teased my nostrils; the loud honks coming from the long lines of bright yellow taxis. The dissonant cords from Gershwin’s â€Å"Rhapsody in Blue† played through my head as I scanned the melting pot that was â€Å"The Big Apple†. I had reached my destination. I decided that with my free time I would visit Carnegie hall and look around inside too see what this place is all about. Opening the door I was invited with a friendly gust of air conditioning; a nice alternative to the humid summer air. The empty lobby and the faint whir of a vacuum contributed to the free and adventurous feeling I possessed when I wore my artist’s badge. This feeling took hold of me as I explored the hallways of Carnegie hall and came upon that familiar stale smell from hours before. I found the Carnegie hall visitors museum and decided that I would explore its contents before the big night ensued. Between old conductor batons and the original floor plans by Andrew Carnegie, I came upon â€Å"The List†. The list consists of everyone performance and performer who had the honor the grace the Stern Auditorium/Perelman stage. My eyes scanned the list to see that my name may soon grace the company of Judy Garland, Tchaikovsky, and Louis Armstrong. I soon became fascinated with that long people of paper in cased on the wall. It was humbling and inspiring looking at that list. My own accomplishments seemed irrelevant when compared to their own. Though at the same t ime I saw that my potential was nothing less than theirs at that point in my life and to the best of my capacity, I would leave my own mark on the world, as did they. This moment fostered the ambition and passion that has driven every activity that I now pursue. I walked hurriedly through the colorful streets of Manhattan to get back to 55th and 7th to get into my concert attire, and make my way towards the artist’s entrance. With binder in my upstage hand as made my way to the edge of the stage door, I realized that though anxiety and nervousness churned my stomach, I needed to get past that feeling and step out onto the stage. As my old right tattered character shoe stepped out onto the floor, making its debut to the audience that filled the seats, the left met up with it, ready to make its debut to the audience that would soon be the pallet that holds my experience, ambitions, and life.

euro argument essays

euro argument essays Theoretically, the european union is a very good idea, that is the thought that a group of countries can: Ã… ¸ Establish policy towards non-member countries Ã… ¸ Coordinate member`s general econonic and agricultural policies Ã… ¸ Establish free movement of labour and capital throughout the member states. The EC is governed by a council of ministers made up of 500 members, with each member state holding a proportional number of ministers by state population of the EC. The serving ministers have to be elected into office by proportional representation. The European Court of Justice is a very imporant thins that has arisen from the EC. It allows an EC citizen who feels that he or she has been treated unfairly by the justice systen in their own state, may put forward their case to the Eeuropean Court of Justice. The 11 judges that make up the court would then decide whether or not to enforce a chane in state policy The EC has been seen to be effective in the area of trade. In some cases trade income from member states has quadrupled when compared to previous trade. The EC however does have its disadvantages, the amount of money paid into the EC by member countries is very different to the amount that these countries get out of it. Another arguably bad thing to come out of the EC is the Euro. The euro is bad because: Ã… ¸ It offers less freedom for member governments concerning economic policies. Ã… ¸ Europe-wide taxes could be indroduced, this would lead to unfairness to members with a less strong economy. Ã… ¸ Labour markets would become less flexable, leading to a high unemployment. These points hoever are countered by the fact that the Euro would boost trade between members and throughout the world due to the simpler currency, and that tourism between members would increase. The Euro would also reduce day-to-day fluctuations in the money markets. Overall I think that the idea behind the EC ...

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace Essay

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace - Essay Example . According to Mithra (2009), binding arbitration is a case whereby a party is asked to make an agreement which provides that if they have a dispute with the contracting partner then they opt to be heard by private arbitrator rather than normal litigation through courts. The contracting parties are bound totally by the decision of the arbitrator hence their case can not be appealed in a court of law. The arbitrator is usually a third party and has the authority to make final decision in accordance to prior arrangements of contracting parties. It can not be stated with certainty when formal processes of arbitration were established in the world but it is known that arbitration as method of resolution of disputes is far much older than courts litigation. Arbitration use can be traced far back from ancient civilizations e.g. Greece, Roman and Egypt. The arbitration act of 1697 was the first English law on arbitration, though arbitration was in common use even before the law came to be. Arbitrations before this law was usually never strong this was mainly due to the parties to arbitration terminating the arbitrators authority if the deemed things were not going well with their expectations on the arbitration Arbitration is a resolution of a dispute by a non partisan third party who gives the final word on the settlement which is final to the parties in arbitration. Arbitration is distinct to mediation, determination by experts, alternative dispute resolution and judicial proceedings. In practice some cases of disputes are not able to be subjected to arbitration this is usually depending on the content of the case that involve arbitration. Examples of procedures that can not be subjected to arbitration include; Where the resolution of the dispute does not require the parties to the dispute to enter any form of agreement e.g., court processes that bind all members of the public or institutions or a dispute that involves public interest, this can be

Dissertation - How has Commercialisation affected professional Essay

Dissertation - How has Commercialisation affected professional football since the formation of the English Premier League and what effect has this had on the 'a - Essay Example d the 1980s witnessed England entering into a rather novice phase marked by lack of commercial enterprising on the part of sponsors and top brass of soccer administrators. In fact European football in general followed a downward curve during these two decades (King 59). Several key factors were responsible for this lean period in the history of English soccer. These factors ranged from societal issues to lack of technical adroitness. However, the Premier soccer League teemed with the very best from the global arena and players from all continents signed for various clubs featuring in the League (Storey 108), thus turning English club football into an action-packed display of power and dynamism. The charm of English soccer ebbed away following the series of poor performances by the national soccer team in FIFA World Cups after their historic win over West Germany in the 1966 version of the premier title. It was imperative for the administrators and players alike to bring people back to where they could relate themselves to. However, due to a pervasive sense of hopelessness prevailing among the average followers of the sport, the task was not an easy one. Moreover, hooliganism was on the rise in the 1980s both on English soil and outside (Dunning and Malcolm 101). In fact English football had earned a notorious distinction of promoting hooliganism across Europe and to other soccer playing countries (Bloom and Willard 306). Political reasons also came into contention in this regard, as some of the earlier events in the annals of world history were believed to have contributed to the imperialistic aggression displayed by English football fans (Chesner and Hahn 168). It was in the 1980s when the problem of vandalism, on and off the soccer field, increased beyond the level of tolerance, as English fans were involved in atrocious activities numerous times, that the game was brought to shame and disrepute. Another issue that plagued English soccer during the 1970s and

Guido Fubini Essay Example for Free

Guido Fubini Essay Guido Fubini, A famous mathematician, was born January 19th 1987 in Venice, Italy. His father, Lazzaro Fubini, was a mathematics teacher so he came from a mathematical background. Guido was influenced by his father towards mathematics when he was young. He attended secondary school in Venice where he showed that he was brilliant in mathematics. It was then clear that from this stage he would follow this career. In 1896 Guido entered the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. There he was taught by Dini and Bianchi, who quickly influenced Guido to undertake research in geometry. He presented his doctoral thesis Cliffords Parallelism in Elliptic Spaces in 1900. Most young doctoral students take a few years to make themselves well know in their area. However, Guido was lucky for his teacher Bianchi was about to publish an important work on differential geometry. Bianchi discussed the results of Guidos thesis in his treatise, which appeared in 1902. Guido remained at Pisa to qualify as a university teacher. Most mathematicians at this stage in their careers extend the work they have begun in their doctoral thesis, but not Guido. He attacked a completely new topic to the one he had studied for his doctoral thesis studying the theory of harmonic functions in spaces of constant curvature. Guidos interests were exceptionally wide moving from his early work on differential geometry towards analysis. In this area he work on differential equations, analytic functions, and functions of several complex variables. He taught courses on these analysis topics at both the Politecnico and the University in Turin. During World War I, Guido studied the accuracy of artillery. These investigations led him on to work on acoustics and electricity. Guido was forced to retire from his chair in Turin. He had no wish to leave Italy but he had two sons who were engineers and, always a man who was devoted to his family, Guido decided that his sons had no future in a country whose official policy was anti-Semitism. When he received an invitation from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1939, Guido  made the decision which he believed was best for his family. They moved to the United States immediately, although Guido himself was in rather poor health by this time. Still, despite his health problem, he was able to teach for a few years in New York. 5 years after moving to the United State Guido died of heart Problems on June 6th 1943.

Henry Viii And Anglicanism Religion Essay

Henry Viii And Anglicanism Religion Essay Many individuals today believe that Anglicanism began with Henry VIII for his simple wish of divorcing his wife in hopes to produce a male heir. Certainly it was established in the era of King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, however there were many other influences that contributed to the creation of the Church of England. These influences date back to the early years of Christianity in the British Isles. After doing much analysis on this history, it is safe to say that King Henry was not the only creator of Anglicanism; he was only a contributor to its formation and the final step to its beginning. It is said that among the soldiers living in Britain, some were of Christian faith. St. Alban, the first English martyr, was killed in 209 CE and therefore the Christianity was certainly present by 200 CE. In 400, when the Romans left Britain and many invaders arrived, in the West and North the Celtic people maintained their faith and culture. A type of Christianity grew among these individuals which still influences our spirituality to this date. Celtic Christianity dated between 400 1000 CE. These stories and legends of the Celtic church are told by Saints such as: St. Ninian, St. Calumba and St. Brigit.Governed by chiefs or kings, Celtic society was organized on tribal lines. The Celtic church was controlled around monasteries ruled by abbots who ordained as priests celebrated the sacraments in the monasteries. The land for the monastery was often provided by the tribe or family unit. By 431, Ireland had received its first bishop. The government of the Irish church was controlled by the abbots however by the 1800s .The abbeys promoted learning, taught the children, and fabricated spectacular religious art in the manuscripts, metalwork and stone carvings. The Anglican spirituality had a lot of influence from the Celtic spirituality. There was a very strong sense of the presence of God in everyday life of the Celtic Christians. In all of their daily activities, God is found. There are a vast amount of prayers from the Celtics that have these examples. There is an example in the book A World Made Whole (Fount, 1991): I will kindle my fire this morning, In the presence of the holy angels of heaven. This quote from the prayer shows that God is in their everyday lives, God is not forgotten. The goodness of nature and of human nature are a part of true Celtic beliefs. It sees human as being full of potential and made in Gods image. Jesus came to free our world from its evil forces. This is an optimistic view fits well with the Anglican understanding of creation, i ncarnation, and redemption. Celtic Christianity has a strong sense of the unity. It insists that we are encircled on our pilgrimage by faithfully Christian individuals of an earlier era. God, the Trinity, the saints of old-all are near us and are always accessible to us in our prayers. Celtic Christianity is full of stories, images, art and music. With the arrival of St. Augustine at Canterbury in 597, Roman Christianity returned to Britain. This tradition and form of government spread throughout England steadily. Although Celtic Christianity was slowly concealed by Roman practice, many customs and traditions were kept. It was an era of change and turmoil in the church during the 1500-1600s in Europe. There was dissatisfaction with papal government and abuses of church traditions. Furthermore the availability of new translations of Scripture from Latin into other languages fashioned a craving to look over the ancestry of the Christian faith and a desire to return to the basics of Christian ideas. In Europe individual figures like Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin and Martin Luther encouraged doctrinal and organizational reform. England knew of the effort of these reformers and had the Scriptures in English. However, the church was not extremely affected by them. In reality Henry VIII received from the Pope in 1521 the title Defender of the Faith for his paper criticizing Martin Luther. However, the King was going through some political difficulties. His marriage of almost 20 years to Catherine of Aragon had produced only one living child, their daughter Mary. Henry became increasingly worried because he n eeded a male heir for the throne. Henry decided to divorce his wife and that he was going to marry Anne Boleyn. Securing an annulment and obtaining a papal dispensation to remarry was not an impossible request, however it made Henry anxious. But European politics launched a problematic factor; Catherines nephew was the Emperor Charles V. The Pope was being threatened by the Emperor and so could not grant Henrys request. Henry decided then to remove the church in England from the control of foreign powers. Acts of Parliament were passed, Henrys marriage was declared invalid, and he married Anne Boleyn. The Pope rapidly removed Henry. To gain [a son], he separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and so established the Protestant Reformation in England . Henry took rising control of the church, suspending the monasteries and moving their riches to the crown and declared himself the head of the church in England. Henry ordered the English Bible located in all church es but stayed very conservative in matters of spiritual traditions. Henry was succeeded in 1547 by his son Edward VI. Edward had been well-informed by teachers with Protestant understanding. Throughout his reign the church was progressively more influenced by Lutheran and Calvinist tradition. In 1549, the first Book of Common Prayer, drawn up by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, was certified. The Act of Uniformity made its use obligatory in all churches in England. This book has become the normative statement of Anglican theology and practice. The book was a compromise between traditionalists and reformers. In 1552, a second Book of Common Prayer was issued. It followed more Protestant ideologies. During the reign of Edward VI, many Articles were published to identify the position of the Church of England on a vast amount of issues. This was an attempt to define a connection between the Old Catholic ways and the new Calvinist reforms. The 42 Articles were proposed in 15 52 and these were not accepted. However in 1559, during the reign of Elizabeth, the Thirty-nine Articles were accepted as a balanced statement of the Anglican position on certain uncertain issues. Edward was then succeeded by his half-sister Mary. As the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, Mary wanted to return England to the worship of the Roman Catholic Church. During Marys reign, many reformers were executed however on her death, her half-sister Elizabeth became Queen. She wished to restore stability to the country, while at the same time preserving England from foreign domination. The church then should retain its heritage but remain free of the rule of the Pope. The form of liturgy, the three-fold order of bishops, priest and deacons, the sacraments were all retained. But the differences were that services were in English, the reading of Scripture was encouraged, and clergy could marry. The third Book of Common Prayer was issued in 1559. The aim of the Elizabethan church was to br ing stability to both church and state. The Church of England held together in one family a variety of views by avoiding narrow definitions. Richard Hooker, 1554-1600, was the apologist for the emerging Anglican position. The Anglican approach to theology, the balance of Scripture, tradition and reason was defined by his Treatise on the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. He saw the church as changing and adapting. The church structures its existence by looking at scripture and tradition in the light of reason and experience. Renewal and progress in the 18th century placed a new tension on personal conversion, salvation by faith in Christs agreed death, the sole power of Scripture, and the significance of the lecture of the Word. Influenced by evangelical clergy, the missionary movement brought the gospel to all parts of the world. At home in England, evangelicals played a major role in the abolition of slavery and the reform of social conditions. In the 19th century, the Anglo-Catholic restoration brought a new emphasis to the liturgical and sacramental life of the church. The Oxford Movement aimed at restoring high church ideals to the Church of England. In this movement we have the Low Church that of being the Anglican Church of Ireland and High Anglican Church that being the Church of England. This group of reformers was sometimes called Tractarianists because of the series of writings, Tracts for the Times, in which they set out their views. The movement emphasized the catholic and apostolic nature o f the church, looking back to its historic roots. It placed new importance on the liturgical and sacramental life of the church; the introduction of vestments, candles, ceremonial and ritual followed soon after. Anglo-Catholics were involved in ministry to the slums of large English cities, and in missionary work around the world. During this period, religious orders of monks and nuns were re-established, and this continues in the Anglican Church to this day. In conclusion, after much research it is understood that The Anglican Church was created by many contributions and ideas that dated back to the early years of Christianity in the British Isles. King Henry VIII was the final contribution to its foundation, but would not be here if it were not for the Celtic Spirituality. However to this day there are issues with the Anglican Church. The Anglican Church though would have liked to settle once it left the Roman umbrella will not be in a settle state. It seems as if equilibrium cannot be maintained and there is still controversy to this day with this religion that was created many years ago.

Presidents of the Philippines

Inocencio, Salve Regina S. W;F 11:00-12:30 BSCA 2-2March 6, 2013 Presidents of the Philippine Republic President| Birthday| Native Land| Term of Office| AKA/ Alias| Distinction| Greatest Achievement/ Legacy| Downfall| Cause of Death| Remarks| 1. Emilio Aguinaldo| March 22, 1869| Kawit, Cavite| January 20,  1899–April 1,1901| Heneral Miong| * He was the youngest (at age 28) to have become the country's preside * The longest-lived former president (having survived to age 94)| * Gained the freedom of the Philippines from the Spaniards. The Philippines’ first President| * The invasion of the Americans| (February 6, 1964 )Coronary thrombosis| * He is still a good president of the Philippines even though there are lots of controversies about him. He did his best to protect his people from the invaders. | 2. Manuel L. Quezon| August 19, 1878| Baler, Aurora| November 15, 1935-August 1, 1944| Nonong| * He is the president of the  Commonwealth of the Philippines| * Father of the  National Language * He appears on the Philippine twenty peso bill| | (August 1, 1944)Tuberculosis | * He did a great job to improve the economy. 3. Jose P. Laurel| March 9, 1891| Tanauan, Batangas| December 4, 1942  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ October 14, 1943| JPL| * The puppet president of the Philippines. He was controlled by the Japanese in heading the country| * He was selected, by the National Assembly, under vigorous Japanese influence, to serve as President. | * He violated his Oath of Office and headed an illegal government of the Philippines. | (November 6, 1959)Unspecified| * I cannot say that Laurel is a good leader in the country because there are many wrong doings that he did. He was also been accused as a traitor. 4. Sergio Osmena| September 9, 1878| Cebu City, Cebu| August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946| SO| * The first  Visayan   to become President of the Philippines. | * Founder of  Nacionalista Party * Together with Manuel Roxas, Pres. Sergio Osmena went on a mission to the US to ask for the Philippines' independence. The mission was called OSROX. The Philippines was granted its independence. | | (19 October 1961)Unspecified| * Despite of the war, Osmena was still brave to fight for the Philippines. He didn’t leave his countrymen in the fight. He also did rehabilitations in order to reserve the Philippines from war. | 5. Manuel Roxas| January 1, 1892| Capiz, Capiz| May 28, 1946-April 15, 1948| Manoling| * The first president of the independent  Third Republic of the Philippines| * Ratification of the Bell Trade Act * The Inclusion of the Parity amendment in the constitution * The signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement * The enactment of Hare – Hawes cutting Law in 1932 Tydings Mcduffie Act which led to the granting of the Philippine independence on July 04, 1946| | (April 15, 1948)Heart attack| * His term only last 1 year 10 months and 18 days.But even though he only served short, he managed to contribute in rescuing the country fro m its dire economic straits. He has he trait of agood leader. | 6. Elpidio R.Quirino| November 16, 1890| Vigan, Ilocos Sur| April 17, 1948-December 30, 1953| Pidiong| | * Hydroelectric project in Lanao * The establishment of PACSA * He signed the Magna Carta of Labor and Minimum Wage Law * Amnesty for the Huks| The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the  Hukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios| (February 29, 1956)Hart Failure| * He was marked notable with reconstruction and economic gain But, his administration tainted by widespread corruption. | 7.Ramon Magsaysay| August 31, 1907| Iba, Zambales| December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957| Monching| * He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century. | * His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as the Philippines' Golden Years * He led the foundation of the  Southeast Asia Treaty Organization  also known as the Manila Pact of 1954 * He is the first Philippine president to wear a barong tagalog in his inauguration| | (March 17, 1957)Plane crash| * He brought back the trust of the Filipinos to the government and militaries by proving integrity I his term.He is a good man to all. | 8. Carlos P. Garcia| November 4, 1896| Talibon, Bohol| March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961| CPG| | * He  exercised the  Filipino First Policy * He acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement * Initiated the â€Å"The Austerity Program†| | (June 14, 1971)Heart attack | * He believes that the government should no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests in the national economy. Because of this the country learned to stand on its own. | 9.Diosdado Macapagal| September 28, 1910| Lubao, Pampanga| December 30, 1961-December 30, 1965| Dado| | * He introduced the country's first  land reform  law * He   placed the peso on the free currency exchange market * He shifted the country's observance of Independence Day fro m July 4 to June 12. | | (April 21, 1997)Heart failure,  pneumonia  and  renal  complications| * He focused on suppressing graft and corruption in the country. He also pursue the agricultural land reform code of 1963. And this favored the farmers.This does mean he is for the masses. | 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos| September 11, 1917|   Sarrat,  Ilocos Norte| December 30, 1965-February 25, 1986| Macoy| * The dictator who proclaimed martial law | * He proclaimed martial law and reigned 20 years as the President of the Philippines * Laws written by Marcos are still in force and in effect. | Corruption, political mismanagement, assassination of Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aquino Jr. | (September 28, 1989)Kidney failure| * Marcos’ term is worst.His administration was marred by massive corruption, political repression, and human rights violations. He is a selfish and greedy leader. | 11. Maria Corazon C. Aquino| January 25, 1933| Paniqui, Tarlac| February 25, 1986- June 30, 1992| Cory| * She uses a yellow ribbon as a symbol of democracy. | * The first female president of the Philippines and in Asia * She was named Woman of the Year by the Time Magazine in 1986 * Mother of Philippine Democracy| * Coup attempts , natural disaster like the erruption of the Mt.Pinatubo, the earthquake in Luzon, the typhoon Uring and it is also n her term where MV Dona Paz sank| (August 1, 2009)Colon Cancer| * Despite the fact that she doesn’t have any learning about politics, she still runs for the democracy. She is a fearless and selfless woman. | 12. Fidel V. Ramos| March 18, 1928| Lingayen, Pangasinan| June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998| Eddie| | * He declared his support for reinstating the death penalty * It is in his term the Philippines experienced rapid economic growth and expansion * He signed into law  Republic Act 7636-  Anti-Subversion Law. * 1997 Asian Financial Crisis| (March 18, 1928- Present)| *   As a result of his hands-on approach to the economy, t he Philippines were dubbed by various internationally as  Asia's Next Economic Tiger. He is a hard- working man and appropriate to be a leader. | 13. Joseph E. Estrada| April 19, 1937| Tondo, Manila| June 30, 1998  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ January 20, 2001| Erap| * He is an actor before becoming the President of the Philippines| * He declared an â€Å"all-out-war† against the  Moro Islamic Liberation Front| * Jueteng case * Jose Pidal issue| (April 19, 1937- Present)| * Estrada is a brave man.A fighter against those people who are enemy of the country. But, he is not also that idealistic leader. Still there are controversies about corruption and gambling. | 14. Gloria M. Arroyo|   April 5, 1947|   Lubao, Pampanga| January 20, 2001  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 30, 2010| Ate Glo| | * She focuses on infrastructures like the Clark,rehabilitation of NLEX and SLEX, MRT/ LRT extension and the PNR * Tourist industry boost in her term| * Electoral sabotage * Corruption| (April 5, 1947- Present)| * She is not the model of a person with integrity.Her family especially her husband took money from the government’s income. Yes she have many deeds to improve infrastructures but she is no good as a president. | 15. Benigno Aquino III| February 8, 1960| Manila| June 30, 2010- present| Noynoy| * Came from the family who contributed to gain the democracy of the people from Marcos. | * He signed  Executive Order No. 9, eorganizing the Presidential Commission on the  Visiting Forces Agreement * He  signed  Proclamation No. 3, declaring November 23, 2010, as a national day of remembrance for the victims in the  Maguindanao massacre. * Implemented Executive Order # 7 which suspends the privileges of executives of 122 Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs). | | (February 8, 1960- Present)| * Aquino is walking in the shoes of his parents. He is cleaning the government from corruption and improving the economy. But, despite of this many are still not satisfied with his performance|

Review on My Name Is Khan

To write a review about a film which contains not only the magical combo of Shahrukh Khan-Kajol-Karan Johar but also something different from melodramatic love story or usual remake of hardcore commercial film is pleasurable. My Name Is Khan has a excellent point to a class of audience who likes to watch Shahrukh Khan in a different characteristic. But the film does not show the excellence enough to get a perfect worship from all audiences and critics.In the movie Rizwan embarks on a touching journey and gets the true recognition of his love,love for Mandira_we reveal a simple but touchy characteristic of an ordinary man’s love,we go through an extra ordinary journey. The movie has some points for which it can be appreciated. Firstly, though such story is not brand new but it has a fresh and own style of presence. Though it can not pass through the mark, made by movie like Forrest Gump but the point is it is not bullshit in any sence. MNIK also gives you a massage and create a different and sometime authentic feelings while you are watching.Secondly,the script makes you feel for the character. It is not Shahrukh Khan,it is Rizwan Khan for whom you will think. It is not chiffon sarees or bubbly dialogue for which you will adore Kajol,it is Mandira. It is a woman who really reflect the motherly affection, a loving and caring wife. Thirdly, the tempo of the movie. It has many subplot but they are quite interesting. It’s an exceptionally relevant to a concept-the unity of nations is of paramount importance, We are all coming together to fight for a common cause – called humanity.Everyone knows that terrorism has no religion and it will never have a religion. As a film, it tries to show social responsibility and the character tries to fulfill that from their position. Though the specificity of activities is not beyond question. Fourthly, the movie can clear it’s idea. It’s not all about a disabled man’s fight against disabil ity. It’s a disabled man’s fight against the disability that exists in the world—terrorism, hatred, fighting. My Name is Khan is also about Islam and the way the world looks at Islam but it not takes any sides.It only tries to say that there are only good people and bad people. There are no good Hindus, bad Hindus, good Christians, bad Christians. Either you are a good person or a bad person. Religion is not the criterion, humanity is. Fifthly, all the actors and actresses has done well. Specially Shahrukh-Kajal combo has got another dimension in bollywood after this movie. Kajal has done very well. Her maturity is used very consciously. We get Shahrukh in a new and pleasant avatar after Chak De! India and Swades. Zarina Wahab is very good as Rizwan’s mom.Thanks Shahrukh for making the character more closer to the audience. Yes we can say he can act. Sixthly, the director has used the complexity and complication provoked by rational and regional aspect th ough it is not totally agreeable in some sense. Moreover sometimes there are many reasons behind any happenings like- 9/11, which can not be described so easily. Moreover, Indian Film Indusrtry don’t have the trend to take a risk by making film relevant to such touchy issues though films like New York ,Kabul Express,Main hoon Na had made.But they were not totally focused. I am not telling that MNIK is all focused but it has got some solid point to relate with a serious issue. Use of metaphorical shot is also notable. Specially Rizwan holding poster-Repair Almost Anything headlined is a brilliant one. This stands for a meaningful thought. The narrative style of story telling and blending past time and present time is good but continuity error like showing objects which don’t match with the time showed in the movie is not expected.The narrative style may influenced by The Shawshank Redemption and Godfellas. The ending is quite good but it may be more gothic and more auth entic. The journey of Khan may be showed more smartly in accordance with happenings as sometime it has feel us melodramatic. Cinematography is worthy off a hand of applause, specially using the background and wide angle shot. Editing is fine. Thanks Ravi K. Chandran (director of photography) and Deepa Bhatia (editing) Shankar-Ehsan-Loy has done a great job both in soundtrack and background score.Thanks to the lyricist(Niranjan Iyengar and Javed Akhtar) The songs such as â€Å"Noor-e-Khuda† blend western bar blues and techno sounds with Indian classical styles such as Sufi and Hindustani. The soundtrack is thus representative of the â€Å"indie fusion genre†. Unlike Karan Johar's other films, this film has no lip-sync songs. All the songs are in background. â€Å"Tere Naina† is a good one. In short The content of My Name Is Khan is diametrically opposite to whatever Karan Johar done in the past. My Name Is Khan is â€Å"not all about terrorism, or 9/11.Itâ€℠¢s about a relationship between two people, between an individual and the State, and between an individual and the country. In short, there the three important components: love story, Islam and a mild form of autism. You can watch it. Sometime it is impressive, dramatic, a little bit slow, inspiring, may be controversial but enjoyable too. The pick up line is – There are only two kinds of people in this world. Good people who do good deeds. And bad people who do bad. That's the only difference in human beings. There's no other difference.

Free Essays on Robotics Industry

The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are... Free Essays on Robotics Industry Free Essays on Robotics Industry The Robotics Industry: Leading the Charge to a Productive 21st Century It’s helpful to understand how the industry has accepted the use of robotics across the decades, since the beginning to the present years. In the beginning of robotics (1950s – 70s) industry pioneers envisioned a day when robots would perform the dangerous jobs instead of people, but some industries remained unconvinced about the benefits of robotics. But in Japan the use of robots increased the quality of their products. During the boom of robotics (1980 – 1985) companies rushed in to buy robots, not only expected to solve problems in industry, but to cook, clean homes, and take care of people. By 1985 – 1987 the boom turned to a burst, with many robotics companies existing in the field as the huge market failed to materialize. The robot manufacturers were dependent from the automotive industry. In the rebirth (1987 – 1992) the electronics, food, pharmaceutical, appliance and aerospace industries started receiving more attention from robotics companies. There were advances in robot control technology, simulation and off-line programming. Costumers were demanding higher quality items at lower cost; manufacturers began focusing on technologies that could help them make products cheaper, faster, and better. It was time for the robotics industry. Looking at the future, we can see that even through the robotics industry is less dependent than ever before on the automotive industry, the automotive market still is the largest. Greater us of robots for assembly, paint systems, final trim, and parts transfer is forecast. Use of robots in the electronics industry should grow; the key factors of the expected growth are mass customization of electronic goods, miniaturization of electronics goods and their internal components. The food and beverage industry is n the midst of a capital spending boom in order to improve operating efficiencies. These industries are...

Internalized Homophobia Professor Ramos Blog

Internalized Homophobia In my adaptation of Drown by Junot Diaz I chose to create a scene where the narrator does find his friend Beto and they talk about the events that happened between them before Beto left for college. From my interpretation of the story I saw it as being a case of internalized homophobia felt by the narrator. I read it as he is a gay man who did enjoy the sexual experiences but is angry at Beto for making him to confront those feelings and face the truth and that that was why he didn’t want to see him originally. This ties in with our theme of American identity because someone’s sexuality is such an integral part of who they are and for gay people it can be such an important but dangerous aspect. For someone like the narrator who is also chicano sexuality can be tricky to navigate because there is a negative mindset towards homosexuals in many chicano families. (I’d like to take a moment to explain that I’m not saying that in judgement or anger toward any chicano or chicano culture it is just something I have read about and been told about by multiple chicano friends.) It’s especially hard because though in recent years America has passed laws in favor of the LGBTQ+ community at the time of the story those laws were not even imaginable. Because of this it was very hard to create an identity for oneself that could be honest and authentic when that identity included homosexuality in a country that didn’t make you seem wanted or protected and especially so when living in a city that’s population isn’t exactly accepting of gay people. Another way to help explain this idea and relate it to previous works we read it can be compared to the idea of double consciousness brought up by DuBois. Like with black people gay people have this double consciousness because while they are American they are also gay and that has been a tricky identity to hold in American History. Growing up in America and for most of the time seeing a negative connotation around gay people at the time of the story it was especially hard with the fear of aids which must have still been relevant because by the time of this story it was still a very deadly disease and for so long people believed only gay men got it. This can all be attributed to internalizing homophobia. By seeing homophobic propaganda in the media, being raised in a homophobic area, and have close friends and family implement the idea that being gay is wrong from a young age is destructive because you start to believe them and even if you know you’re gay you will hate yourself for it and feel wrong and dirty which I believe is the case in this story and for the narrator. I chose to write the reunion of the two friends because I felt that the original story left so many questions unanswered so I thought that by writing the scene I could answers the questions to fit how I believe it to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internalized Homophobia is defined as â€Å"the involuntary belief by lesbians and gay men that the homophobic lies, stereotypes and myths about them are true†. In the book â€Å"Stigma and Sexual Orientation† there is a chapter called â€Å"Internalized Homophobia, Intimacy, and Sexual Behavior among gay and bisexual men† written by Ilan H. Meyer and Laura Dean. In the chapter they talk about how antihomosexual attitudes and stigmatization of homosexuality in society shape a cultural environment shaped by rejection and discrimination. They discuss how because of this gay people are subject to social stressors of a dangerous variety. They also bring up how this causes effects of the mental health of gay people. They write that the feeling of internalized homophobia may start in early childhood but that it can stay even when the person accepts their sexuality. They claim it’s a big part of gay men’s psycho logical adjustment throughout their lives and that it is because of constant exposure to antihomosexual attitudes. They quote Gonsiorek as saying covert forms of internalized homophobia are the most common and that it’s when an individual claims to accept themselves but sabotage themselves in various ways. Dà ­az Junot, and Klaus A. Amann.  Drown. Reclam, 2016. Herek, Gregory M.Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. Sage Publications, 1998.

Wk5(22) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk5(22) - Essay Example 168) until he can come to terms with what happened. One indication for this weakness is that he is more involved with alcoholism and feeling hopeless. A therapist would need to practice unconditional positive regard with him and set the intention that they would be able to relate to Patrick in a positive way. I would think it might be difficult for him to get into his deepest feelings and explore them--these feelings may be difficult for this approach which would also make this situation a weakness. One strength of using this approach may be that Patrick would need a counselor who was empathetic and not directive in their approach. This may be the way for him to start talking about his grief. Patrick would be allowed to discover what he needed as he progressed which could be both a strength and a weakness. As a strength, it may help him gain confidence in himself again. As a weakness, this could have him trying to figure things out a lot longer because he may feel so undirected. It is my opinion that Gestalt Therapy would be the best choice to use with Patrick. He is so far down in his feelings that he may need a redirection to something more pleasant. Patrick seems to be presenting a host of problems that are happening because of his experience in 9/11. He is not functioning at a place where he can self-regulate himself just yet and this would be an important goal of therapy for him. Patrick is currently living in the past. He may be drinking to stay in his bad memories or to try and forget; this would be something that needs to be explored. He could be experiencing PTSD and he has pulled away from other friends or potential friends because he does not want to get close again just to lose them. It is time for him to move into the present and put the past behind. I would begin by listening to him and asking questions. I would want to know why he is drinking and what it is doing for him. I would

Principals of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principals of Management - Essay Example If customers needs more detailed information not covered on the terminals, service centre staff needs to refer customer to the service centre manager who have a greater knowledge of services and products to ensure customer gets the correct information. The new customer service manager experience a increase in calls referred to her by service centre staff, even though they could have answered some of the questions themselves. This resulted in increased delay for customers as the manager will have to address more queries than necessary. This is supported by rising customer complaints about the time they have to wait on the phone. The manager is concerned and requested some guidance on the possible use of McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y to motivate staff. Firstly it is obvious that the service manager are new and may have taking the position over persons who have been with the bank a longer time, persons with more experience and skills. These persons may feel that they are not seen as good enough and that is why they where not considered for the manager position, influencing them negative and this they retaliate by acting as if they are unable to address the customers queries. Then the tasks these service centre staff have to perform has been designed in a monotonous and boring manner, offering no real challenge or a opportunity for staff to use their own initiative. This combined with strict control of staff's movements and restrictive job descriptions allows no flexibility, resulting in repetitive work without any break will be enough to reduce the employees willingness to perform. Furthermore, the strict control seem to only penalise staff and that there is very little in rewards for above average performance or dedication, giving staff no reason to improve their performance, or to help customers with little more complex questions. With only the service manager to help customers with more complex queries, staff will refer any customer to her if they ask questions only slightly deviating from the norm, without even trying to clarify what the customer wants to know. Five Functions of a Manager Before looking at motivational theories we need to look at the functions of a manager. Management is management in any organization and the principals of management are general and not specific to any business environment. "However, management is universal only if the manager has become familiar with the specific situation in which it is applied. Production technology, customer characteristics and the culture of the industry are examples of specifics that managers need to learn to be effective in applying their generic management skills," (James Higgins, 1994). The main goal of a manager is to reach the organisations mission and objectives through the five functions of management; planning, organizing, staffing, directing and control. It must be stressed that even though a manager have the ability to apply the five functions of management to accomplish the organizations goals, it is no guarantee that he or she will be successful. Managers also need to be effective and efficient, effective in achieving goals and efficient in allocating resources. Below the functions defined as: Planning Planning is the continuous process of developing business objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning can be broad, as in designing the mission of a organisation

First Team LLC Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

First Team LLC Business Plan - Essay Example The company remains controlled by the one entrepreneur and a team of support staff (Folsom, 48) Goals of the company Ease supply of goods and materials to customers in a competent and reliable manner Networking with the surrounding suppliers and storage enterprises to facilitate smooth running and operation of the business Build branches in various parts of the country to facilitate growth of the institution Buy more vehicles to ensure that clients always get services they need on time and efficiently Recruit more staff to improve service delivery and facilitate expansion of the business Increase the revenue base yearly Establish efficient communication channels among the parties involved Fixing the correct programmes which can remain achieved conveniently Employing and maintaining highly qualified and trained staff Trying to precisely understand the client’s needs and help them achieve them (Folsom, 49) Company Description Logistics support company located at the outskirts of the capital city will offer transport and logistics organization solutions for enterprise customers within the region of its location and far. Starting with operations form within the city, the company will transport materials from distributors to manufacturers to wholesalers and retailers, acting in conjunction with supply canters, storage enterprises, and wholesalers. The logistics company remains started by two entrepreneurs who before worked like managers of storage enterprises for a reasonable period. The company will function in the logistics and transportation filed with many services. An extra source of income remains the growth of unique services. This can vary from computer arranging systems to supply services. Cross marketing remains arranged to be one of the key methods in this company, because the whole items remain focused to serve the same requirement and can cheaply remain merged. Synergy in marketing an item across company divisions remains probable to push income further higher. A firm concentration of this company will remain placed on the growth of unique and creative techniques for the clients that offer an important value. A wide variation of customized services will remain provided that will aid make use of the institution and worker potential. A core objective of this suggested business technique remains the growth of a unique corporate personality. Such personality will form client loyalty and aid achieve a competitive advantage. The particular choosing of services and requests provided will remain supervised regularly and differ depending on business requirements. This method offers a competitive border against various businesses in the surrounding and remains anticipated to cause an extra demand and the probability for a cost mark-up (Folsom, 52) Market Analysis This is a big industry with stiff competition from various transport and logistics companies in the region and outside the region. However, the company will battle out in th e market with the medium sized institutions of its kind. It will offer general transport and logistics services to its clients at favorable and affordable costs aiming at minimizing cost but making profits as well. Market Segmentation Raw material distributors They transport huge amounts of materials to big producers in the region. These materials wholly

Fourth Quarter English Interpretive Paper Essay Example for Free

Fourth Quarter English Interpretive Paper Essay A Man for All Seasons, by Robert Bolt illustrates the adult life of Sir Thomas More. In this play, the Common Man portrays man and his vices and sins showing the ordinary man of every age, class, culture, and society. Bolt uses the Common Man in the roles of the steward, boatman, and jailor to show how man can easily sin. Common Man exhibits man’s immorality through the roles of the steward, boatman, and jailor, in A Man for All Seasons. Christian virtues are lacking in the Common Man’s role of the steward. The Common Man’s character, the steward, disrespects Rich by the snubbing manner of which he speaks to Rich. Likewise, when he spies on Thomas More he is being disloyal and dishonest. (pp. 40-42) Furthermore, the steward exhibits greediness by spying on More for Richard Rich, Thomas Cromwell, and Signor Chapuy in exchange for money. (pp.40-42) In addition, pride is conveyed towards Rich by the steward when he behaves as if he superior over Rich. (pp.104-105) Vices are seen in the steward’s behavior. The Common Man in the role of the boatman demonstrates a lack of morality. The boatman displays dishonesty when he tries to overcharge Thomas for his boat ride home. (p. 25) Likewise, he is being greedy as he wants more money than he should receive for giving Thomas a ride home. (p. 25) Moreover, his disobeyed the law by ignoring the fixed boat fares. (p. 25) The boatman’s actions are sinful. Lack of morals can be observed in the Common Man in the role of the Jailer. The vice of greed is seen by the Jailor when he is willing to accept fifty guineas from Cromwell in exchange for information about Thomas More. (p. 135) Likewise, the jailor is dishonest when he is willing to take anything that Thomas says and tell it to Cromwell to use as evidence against Thomas More in court. (pp. 135-136) Lack of charity is exhibited by the jailor when he does not allow Thomas’s family to visit Thomas at the jail. (pp. 145-146) The Common Man, as the jailor, displays vices. The role of the steward, boatman, and jailor played by the Common Man reveal the lack of mans morals in A Man for All Seasons. Disrespect, dishonesty, greed, pride, lack of charity, and disobedience are witnessed in the words and actions of the three characters. The vices represent the basic character of the Common Man who is every person in every age, class, race, and society. Bolt’s play, A Man for All Seasons instructs one to avoid sin and protect his morals and Christian faith. [ 1 ]. Robert Bolt, The Man for All Seasons(New York, NY; Vintage International, 1990),pp. 4-5. All subsequent references will be noted in the text.

We Must Reform Teacher Tenure Essay -- How Not to Reform Teacher Tenur

Teacher tenure is life-long job protection for teachers who have been employed as a teacher for one or more years depending on the state. The purpose of teacher tenure is to protect teachers from being fired for political or personal reasons. It also prevents school districts from eliminating experienced teachers in favor of less expensive teachers. The fundamental problem with teacher tenure is that it is given to a teacher after only one year on the job and requires little to no additional effort. The increased job security breeds complacency in many teachers who are teaching only to collect a paycheck. There is a need for teacher tenure but the program must be drastically reformed. What is Tenure? Tenure is a policy that basically gives teachers a lifetime contract. It prevents teachers from being fired for something small all the way up to severe misconduct or incompetence. . Tenure began in the early 20th century. It was meant to protect teachers from wrongful termination. In that time race, personal bias, and politics could get even very effective teachers fired. Women were often targeted when they got married or became pregnant. With tenure, even if a school district tries to fire an incompetent teacher or one who is guilty of misconduct it can become very difficult and expensive It also protected teachers whose research or teaching practices might be considered â€Å"out-of-the-box.† The Positive Side of Teacher Tenure Tenure is in place to protect teachers. Many teachers are very dedicated to what they do and go above and beyond what is required regardless of their pay scale; tenure is in place to protect teachers like this. Teachers that have proven that they are in the classroom to make a difference in the life of a... ...1D719E1C22E61225AFDEB326CE13C0_1328848465905&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B198818676 Garrett, Rose (2010). What is Teacher Tenure? Retrieved from http://www.education.com/magazine/article/what-is-teacher-tenure/ Sawchuk, Stephen (2010). States Strive to Overhaul Teacher Tenure. Retrieved from www.edweek.org Otterman, Sharon (2011). Once Nearly 100%, Teacher Tenure Rate Drops to 58% as Rules Tighten, New York Times, 28 July, 2011. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/879455669/fulltext?accountid=13931 Weisberg, D., Sexton, S., Mulhern, J., Keeling, D., (2007). The Widget Effect. Retrieved from http://widgeteffect.org/downloads/TheWidgetEffect.pdf Wolpert-Gawron, Heather (2009). The Truth about Teacher Tenure. Retrieved from http://www.edutopia.org/teacher-tenure-debate

Organisational Behaviour: A Case Study Essay

Question one. Learning is a process of adapting to a change of behaviour or the ability to alter one’s way of acting as a result of influence from constant practice or experiences (Michas and Berry, 2000). Learning can either be viewed as a process or as a product of an already completed process. As a process, learning is viewed as a transformation of behaviour or a change in the mental state of an individual while as a product, learning is studied under the basis of various learning theories. The learning theory seeks to explain how and to what extent such a change is bound to occur. This theory is very essential in organisations because it helps to create high level professionals at the workplace. Depending on the situation and the willingness of the workers, different organisations can apply different learning theories at different times. Three main perspectives of this theory are known. This include behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. Behaviourism focuses mainly on the physical aspects of learning. According to Miller and Pace (2006), a change in behaviour is not influenced by the individual’s emotions or personal motives but rather, it is a lasting change in behaviour which occurs when triggered by a change in the surrounding environment. This approach has been found to yield changes such as discrimination, associations among other skills which do not require in depth internal processes. For instance, from the case study given, Diane’s behaviour changed when she started working at La Maison where the environmental factors taught her to be hard working and efficient in her work. Cognitivism perspective deals with matters linked to the brain-system. In this case, a learning process involves the internal processes which includes how the mind receives, organises, stores and retrieves data or any information received. It concentrates on the mental aspect of the the leaner’s thoughts, beliefs, ideas and attitudes towards the organisation. This approach of the learning theory has been in very helpful in explaining the intricate forms of behaviour which involve reasoning, solving problems and processing data to alter ones behaviour (Niederhausler et al, 2002). In the case study, this kind of learning theory is seen when a worker’s behaviour in an organisation are influenced by factors such as manager’s attitude, organisational culture among other factors which are not visible physically. The constructivism approach on the other hand views learning as a process of constructing new ideas and concepts. It is more or less the opposite of behaviorism in that it focuses on how an individual molds a certain form of behaviour emanating from past knowledge or experiences. From the case study, the constructivism kind of learning approach is evident where we see that Diane had learnt from previous experience how to give fast and quality services to the customers by balancing several plates on her arms. This was a positive kind of behaviour which ensured faster delivery much to the satisfaction of her customers. In an organisational concept, there are specific qualities associated with learning or change of behaviour in organisations. This depends on what is learned, how and when it is learned. Different organisations differ in their methods of learning mainly due to the fact that every organisation represents a collective combination of individuals from different backgrounds and more so, it consists of a units which have different roles and values which they use to achieve their future goals (Billett, 2007). According to Prange (1999), it is the individuals who learns and not the organisations which they work for. In this case, he argues that learning is a process which primarily takes place in the human brain. Another argument put forward by Perkins (1997) says that even though learning may take place in organisations, it is not always positive. That is, not all organisations learn well and in a way which is bound to propel their future goals into the right direction. For instance, different workers in an organisation may hold different views concerning the organisation’s future success depending on the kind of leadership style deployed in the organisation by its leaders. The three perspectives of the learning theory, behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism have several strengths as well as weakness on the workers of an organisation as observed from the case study given. The behaviourism concept of the learning theory has an advantage in that, every worker has a clear and concise goal which he or she is set to achieve and thus any change in the environment can stimulate its achievement automatically. However, this approach has been criticized in that the workers may at times encounter a situation in which the right stimulus do not occur thus hindering the achievement of the desired goals. For instance, if the workers in a hotel are used to responding to a certain stimulus such as tips in order to work effectively, the efficacy would sharply drop ones the tips cease to exist. For the cognitivism approach, the learners are trained to work in a certain way consistently with or without a stimuli. This is advantageous in that it avoids inconsistencies in the work place and ensures customer satisfaction t all times. On the other hand, this may be disadvantageous in that the workers mind may become accustomed to doing the same thing such that it may be very difficult for them to adapt to any slight change in the organisation. The constructivism approach is useful in that the leaner is able to adapt to many changes which may occur in the organisation based on previous situations. However, this approach has a major drawback in that it in some situations, divergent thinking may cause problems in the organisation. From the case study given, Diane the learner has a change of behaviour which is affected by the change in the environment or the climate created by her boss which makes her strive to do every thing in a perfect way. However, when she is quarreled, her attitude changes and she starts to do things in a slow inefficient manner. In this case study, a positive aspect of cognitive learning theory is also seen whereby, Diane’s behaviour is influenced by the high tips she gets from the customers and this motivates her to work harder even when the motivation she is getting from her boss is very minimal. In addition, it can also be deduced from the case study that all the workers at the La Maison where Diane works are taught how to work under pressure and work with excellence. This behaviour has been shaped by the workplace culture of practice from the instructions given by Godot their manager. This reflects a constructive learning approach. Question two. From the case study, the environment and the authoritarian leadership style exercised by Godot the manager of La Maison has a great impact on the behaviour of the workers and Diana in particular. From the organisational culture which emphasises on excellence and team-work, Diane behaviour was immediately inclined towards working to her best potential since the beginning which ensured that she did a good job. However, her behaviour changed when she was quarreled by the boss and she decided to work slowly and her efficiency was greatly reduced. Other factors which helped to shape Diane’s behaviour include the tips she got from the customers which motivated her to work more in order to get more tips. This forced her to go back to her efficient working pace even when her morale had really been put down by her boss. Many positive and negative reinforcements, punishments and extinction forces which may be used by Godot and his customers may be identified from the case study. Among the positive reinforcements used by Godot include his dedicated and industrious attitude towards his work which motivated the workers to put more effort in their work. His vision and the culture of team-work which he emphasised on also made the employees to work together to satisfy all the customers. However, Godot had very bad emotional outbursts and tempers which negatively affected the workers’ efficiency. For instance, after putting so much effort, Diane felt discouraged due to the fact that her boss did not even notice her hard work but instead, he was very quick to quarrel her when she committed a simple mistake. The insults he hauled towards the workers when the restaurant was crowded and they were unable to keep pace with the high number of customers also lowered the workers’ morale. In terms of punishments, Godot believed in punishing the workers when they went wrong by imposing fines to pay the price of their mistakes. This made the workers to feel angry and disappointed thus become less efficient in their work. As a good manager, Godot can improve the worker’s efficiency through complimenting them for their hard work and correcting them in the right way where they go wrong instead of insulting them. In addition, he should strive to improve his relationship with his workers in order to motivate them. The positive reinforcements acquired from the restaurant customers include good compliments to the workers and tips in terms of money for their efficient services. Negative responses such as less tips when the services were less efficient also helped to motivate Diane to work harder in order to please them and get more tips. Thus, by being appreciative, the customers helped to shape the behaviour of the workers in a positive way. Question three. The various reinforcements and punishments discussed above had a positive as well as a negative impact on Diane’s behaviour. For instance, when Diane dropped a bowl of bouillabaisse, she was fined the price of the bouillabaisse and the cost of cleaning the carpet she stained, as a punishment for her mistake. This made Diane feel very angry, disappointed and confused and as a result, there was a visible decline in her performance. This was a very negative impact on Diane’s behaviour. On the other hand, Godot’s industrious and dedicated type of attitude helped to shape Diane’s behaviour in a positive way in that she became very dedicated and efficient in her work much to the satisfaction of the customers and this conferred an overall benefit to the restaurant. The customer’s appreciative nature and the compliments they gave to Diane helped to motivate her more to work with greater efficacy. When the customer’s tips dropped, she was forced to go back to her original working pace in order to please the customers. This positively shaped her behaviour as it taught her to be hardworking and committed in her work at all times regardless of her boss’s attitude. Question four. Hourly pay rates and tips from customers especially in restaurants have proved to be very effective in reinforcing positive behaviour in workers. The hourly pay rates motivate the workers to work for long in order to maximise their pays and thus ensuring that high productivity at the workplace is achieved. The tips on the other hand inspire the workers to work extra hard in order to satisfy the customers who will in return give them larger tips. If the services are of poor quality, the customers are unsatisfied and they thus do not feel obliged to give tips to the workers. In the case of La Maison restaurant studied above, the hourly pay rates of $15. 0 offered plus the tips from the customers proved to be very effective in shaping Diane’s behaviour as well as that of other workers. The tips averaging around 20 percent per day motivated Diane to work harder because she knew that better the services meant more tips for her. When her efficiency in services declined, her tips also went down by almost half and this forced her to step up her pace in order to get back to where she originally was. In this case, it can be deduced that the use of hourly pay rates and tips can help an organisation to make more money because of the high quality services delivered by its workers. Conclusion. From the case study above, it is clear that every organisations has a great role to play in shaping the behaviour of its workers. An organisation can either have a positive or a negative impact on the attitude and behaviour of its workers depending on the kind of leadership style practiced by the leader and also the culture of that particular organisation. It is therefore upon the leaders to adopt the right kind of leadership which is geared towards cultivating a positive attitude in their workers as this will help them to work harder and maximise the profits incurred by the organisation.

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems

Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards.Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The ma in challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test.These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people's lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly.The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the begi nning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given.The chapter â€Å"Testing Methods† will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions.The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the pro bability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity.Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critica l Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3].Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,†¦ Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,†¦ ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,†¦ ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) which serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples.Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard.The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The st andard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series.Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods.A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-relat ed software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults.Safety test case specifications are used to fo rmalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT's output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violations of certain formal safety properties. Safety mode ls of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion.As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT.Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generall y speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2.Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5.The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software.Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, †¦ , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise.Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the cr itical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transition probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3].For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar.Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of tes ting. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on